![]() ![]() However, when plants are subjected to biotic and abiotic stresses, such as pathogens, drought, wa-terlogging, nutrient deficiencies, etc., autophagy is activated to help cells to survive under stress conditions. Under normal growth conditions, it is maintained at basal levels. Autophagy is a highly dynamic and relatively complex process influenced by multiple factors. In all eukaryotes, autophagy is the main pathway for nutrient recycling, which encapsulates parts of the cytoplasm and organelles in double-membrane vesicles, and then fuses with lyso-somes/vacuoles to degrade them. Moreover, vesicular structures, such as paramural and multilamellar bodies, were observed in some stages. Our results revealed a type of selective microautophagy, piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus (PMN), in nuclear degradation during PCD of petals that has not previously been reported in plants. As in yeasts, in the present study, Golgi apparatus became autophagosome-like structures during degradation that had autophagy activity and then disappeared. Macroautophagy and microautophagy processes were also clearly observed during vacuole formation. The major hallmarks of the process related to the ultrastructure of the cells involved chloroplast degradation, vacuolation, chromatin condensation, cell wall swelling, degradation of Golgi apparatus, protoplasmic shrinkage, degradation of the endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear fragmentation, rupture of tonoplast, and plasma membrane. The results of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies indicated that this type of PCD occurs during the petal senescence of Antirrhinum majus “Legend White” flowers. One of the classes of the plant developmental programmed cell death (PCD) is vacuolar cell death or autolysis. ![]()
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